Services
Web services are generally application programming interfaces (API) or web APIs that are accessed via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and executed on a secluded system hosting the requested services. Web services often fall into one of two camps: Big Web Services and RESTful Web Services.
"Big Web Services" use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is usually a machine-readable description of the operations provided by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks (frameworks such as Spring, Apache Axis2 and Apache CXF being notable exceptions). Some industry organizations, such as the WS-I, mandate both SOAP and WSDL in their definition of a web service. Web services in a service-oriented architecture.
Web API is a development in web services (in a movement called Web 2.0) where emphasis has been moving away from SOAP based services towards Representational State Transfer (REST) based communications. REST services do not require XML, SOAP, or WSDL service-API definitions.
Web APIs allow the combination of several web services into new applications known as mashups. When used in the context of web development, web API is generally a defined set of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages along with a definition of the structure of response messages, most commonly expressed in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.
When running composite web services, each sub service can be considered autonomous. The user has no control over these services. In addition the web services themselves are not dependable; the service provider may remove, change or update their services without giving notice to users. The reliability and fault tolerance is not well supported; faults may happen during the execution. Exception handling in the context of web services is still an open research issue.
The W3C defines a "web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-procedureable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, generally conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in concert with other web-related standards."